Assets
1. Fixed Assets
Fixed assets are assets (wealth) of the company acquired in the form of ready-made or built first, permanent and used in the normal course of the company for the long term and have enough material value.
Fixed assets have the following characteristics:
1. Used preformance normal activities of the company, that is still held for use in operations and not for resale (merchandise), or investment.
2. Useful life of more than one year or the normal operating cycle of the company, and the value of the benefits can be measured.
3. Sufficient material has value, meaning the value / price of the asset is high. For example: land, buildings, machinery, inventory, equipment, vehicles. 'm Assets whose value is relatively small, although it can be used in the long term, is not classified as fixed assets. For example: pen, calculator, scissors.
4. Having a physical form.
By its nature, the assets are divided into:
• tangible fixed assets (tangible fixed assets), and
• intangible fixed assets (intangible fixed assets).
Fixed assets Intangible fixed assets are often called it, the fixed assets that have a physical form, in this case there are three types of tangible fixed assets, namely
1. Assets which are the source of depreciation (depreciation), such as buildings, equipment, inventory / equipment, vehicles.
2. Assets that are sumberdeplesi, such as mineral / natural resources (mineral deposits).
3. Assets that are not experiencing depreciation or depletion, such as land for a building company.
Intangible fixed assets (Intangible Assets)
Ie assets that do not have the physical form, but has the value / benefit for companies that are expressed in the form of guarantees, such as patents, goodwill, copyrights, monopoly rights, trademarks, research and development costs, and costs of incorporation.
2. Current assets
Current assets are assets that can be cashed or can be used as money in the short term (within one accounting cycle). An asset is classified as current assets if the assets meet the following requirements:
(1) is expected to be realized or held for sale or use within the normal operating cycle of the company, or
(2) held for trading or for short-term goals and are expected to be realized within 12 months from the balance sheet date, or
(3) in the form of cash or cash equivalents whose use is not restricted.
Examples of current assets are cash, accounts receivable, merchandise inventory, supplies, prepaid insurance, and so on. Constituent in the balance sheet is set according to the order of their liquidity levels. That is, the most liquid current assets are listed at the top, followed by the other items that are less liquid.
DEBT
Debt is an obligation the company incurred due to actions or transactions in the past to acquire assets or services, the repayment will be done in the future, either by delivery of cash, certain other assets, or services by creating new debt . Debt can cause financial obligations or liabilities of implementation. For example, financial liabilities such as accounts payable, taxes payable, dividends payable, interest payable, and so on, while the implementation of obligations, such as rent received in advance, the load received in advance, cash guarantee purchases from buyers.
1. Short Term Debt
are obligations that are expected to be paid within one year or one operating cycle of the company which is longer (SFAS No.. 9 Books SAK 1994).
Type - the type of Short-Term Debt
Accounts Payable
Accounts payable or accounts payable is the amount still to be paid to the supplier, because the company purchases the goods or services. One example is the purchase of accounts payable merchandise or office equipment on credit. This loan does not require a letter or written agreement so that its implementation is based on mutual trust.
Promissory notes payable or
Promissory notes or debt obligation that is evidenced by a written unconditional promise to pay a certain amount of money on a specified date in the future. Therefore it can be said that this debt is more formal than the usual trade payables.
Expenses accrued expenses (accrual liabilities)
Expenses to be paid is the duty of the burden - the burden that had happened, but had not been paid for yet due at the end of the period.
Debt Dividend
Debt dividend dividend is to be paid as declared by the board of commissioners of the company but at the end of the period had not been paid and recorded as a dividend payable
2. Long Term Debt
Long-term debt obligations of the parties are required to be repaid within a period of more than one accounting period (1 yr) was calculated from the date of manufacture of the balance sheet as of December 31. Payments made with cash, but can be replaced by a specific asset. In the normal operation of the company, long-term debt account was never subject to the cash disbursement transactions. At the end of the accounting period of a certain part of long-term debt turned out to be short-term debt. For it must be adjusted to move the long-term debt maturities to short-term debt
The emergence of Long Term Debt
When the scale of growing operations or in building a company needs some funds. The funds required for investment in fixed assets that will provide long-term manfa'at should be obtained from long-term debt or to raise capital. In this case, the company has two options, namely attractive long-term debt such as bonds or increase capital by issuing shares.
There are several advantages attractive long-term debt through bonds rather than add to their own capital by issuing shares.
1. Compelling advantages bond
The bondholders do not have voting rights in that company policy does not affect management.
2. Interest on bonds may be lower than the dividend paid to shareholders.
3. Interest is the fee charged to companies that can reduce tax liability whereas dividends are profits that can not be deducted as expenses.
Conversely there is also a less favorable terms include:
1. Interest on bonds is fixed charges in both state enterprises profit or loss
2. If the company is unable to pay maturing bonds, the bond holders still have the right to demand repayment of the bonds while shareholders have no such rights because shareholders are the owners of the company are also responsible to bear the risk of loss perusagaan.
Type of Long-Term Debt
Broadly speaking, the long-term debt are classified in two groups, namely:
1. Mortgage Debt: Debt incurred related to the acquisition of funds from loans secured by fixed assets. In an agreement described property as collateral the borrower in the form of land or buildings. If the borrower does not pay on time, the lender can sell the collateral is then offset against the debt.
2. Bonds: Debt incurred relating to the expenditure of funds obtained through bonds. Buyers of bonds called bondholders. In nominal value of bonds listed bonds, interest per annum, dated bond redemptions and other provisions corresponding bond types.
(+) Assets is a good thing that has the form and the apparent owned by the
company.
(-) asset is not a good thing that has
the form and the apparent owned by the companya
(?) is assets a good thing that has the form and apparent owned by the
company
(+) assets are assets (wealth) of the company acquired in the form of
ready-made or built first, permanent and used in the normal course of the
company for the long term and have enough material value.
(+)Current assets are assets that can be cashed or can be used as money in
the short term (within one accounting cycle).
(-)Current assets are not assets that can be cashed or can be used as money
in the short term (within one accounting cycle).
(?)are current assets assets that
can be cashed or can be used as money in the short term (within one accounting
cycle).
(+)Debt is an obligation the company
(-)Debt is not an obligation the
company
(?)is debt an obligation the company
(+)Accounts payable or accounts payable is the amount still to be paid to
the supplier, because the company purchases the goods or services
(-)Accounts payable or accounts payable is not the amount still to be paid to the supplier,
because the company purchases the goods or services
(?)is Accounts payable or accounts payable the amount still to be paid to the supplier,
because the company purchases the goods or services
(+)Short Term Debt are obligations that are expected to be paid
within one year or one operating cycle of the company which is longer
(-)Short Term Debt are not obligations that are expected to be paid
within one year or one operating cycle of the company which is longer
(?)are Short Term Debt obligations
that are expected to be paid within one year or one operating cycle of the
company which is longer
(+)Promissory notes or debt obligation that is evidenced by a written
unconditional promise to pay a certain amount of money on a specified date in
the future
(-)Promissory notes or debt obligation that is not evidenced by a written unconditional promise
to pay a certain amount of money on a specified date in the future
(?)is Promissory notes or debt obligation that evidenced by a written unconditional promise
to pay a certain amount of money on a specified date in the future
(-)Assets that are not experiencing depreciation or depletion, such as land for
a building company.
(+)Assets that are experiencing depreciation or depletion, such as land for
a building company.
(?)are Assets that experiencing
depreciation or depletion, such as land for a building company.
(+)If the company is unable to pay maturing bonds
(-)If the company is not unable to
pay maturing bonds
(?)is If the company unable to pay
maturing bonds
(-)The bondholders do not have voting rights in that company policy does
not affect management
(+)The bondholders do have voting
rights in that company policy does not affect management
(?)do The bondholders have voting
rights in that company policy does not affect management
(+). Interest on bonds is fixed charges in both state
enterprises profit or loss
(-)Interest on bonds is not fixed
charges in both state enterprises profit or loss
(?)Interest on bonds is fixed charges
in both state enterprises profit or loss
